Background: Mastitis caused by staphylococcus aureus in postnatal and lactating women is quite common problem, especially in women of rural background and women from areas where there is lack of counseling regarding lactation. Objectives: To study the predisposing factors, incidence rate & management options among postanatal women with mastitis. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences, Ghanpur, Medchal. The study documents 50 clinically diagnosed cases of mastitis in postnatal & lactating women up to 2 years. Results: Incidence of mastitis was 0.9%. Out of 50 patients, 34% patients were managed conservatively, 24% required aspiration under local anesthesia & 42% required incision and drainage under general anesthesia. Conclusion: In our study, lack of lactational counseling was major predisposing factors for mastitis. Majority of cases were cured by incision & drainage.

Clinical and heamatologic profile of twenty six patients with severe aplastic anemia are described. This disease is common in second decade of life and in males. Common presenting symptoms were bleeding diathesis, fever and weakness. Drug history was positive in fourteen cases, the common drugs incriminated were indigenous drugs and chloramphenical. Apart from anemia being present in all the cases, eleven patients had hepatomegaly, five had splenomegaly, three had congestive cardiac failure and two had lymphadenopathy. Experience with corticosteroids, Anabolic steroids and lithium at our centre shows poor results. Bone marrow transplantation may be the treatment of choice.

Benign ovarian tumors affect all age groups, while malignant tumors are more frequent among elderly women. In addition, the distribution by age group varies according to the histological type. The incidence of ovarian tumor during pregnancy is not accurately known, but it has been reported to average about 1/25,000 deliveries. The study included 28 proven cases of benign ovarian tumors. Data like personal history, symptoms was recorded from the patients. General and systemic examination was carried out. The specimen was sent for histopathology. Follow up of certain cases was done. The age of the patients ranged from 13 years to 65 years with a mean age of 33.7 years and a median of 38 years. Maximum numbers of cases were in the age group of 21 and 45 years. The mean age of presentation was different among benign tumors was 29.2 years. In patients with benign tumor the common presenting symptoms were abdominal distension (46.4%), abdominal mass (21.4%) and abdominal pain (15%). The maximum diameter of the tumor was different among benign tumors (11.7cm). Most of the benign tumors were cystic (78%)

Background: There is increase in the incidence of fungal infections in ear, nose and throat in recent times with increased use of cytotoxic drugs, broad spectrum antibiotics and immune-suppressive agents and advent of HIV infection. Hence a study is needed to understand the nature of fungal infections in ENT for effective treatment. Objective: To study fungal infections in ENT areas with particular reference to etiology and predisposing factors. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study conducted at a tertiary government general hospital for one year. All the new patients attending the ENT department were screened for fungal infections and diagnosis was confirmed by relevant investigations. The data was analyzed for determining etio-pathogenesis and predisposing factors. Results: The overall percentage of fungal infections in the new patients was found to be 2.19%. Young adult males with immuno-suppression were more commonly affected by them. Otomycosis is the commonest fungal infection and excessive use of local antibiotic ear drops is the commonest predisposing factor for it. Conclusion: Fungal infections occur commonly in young adult males and immuno-suppression is the commonest predisposing factor.

Idiopathic club foot is one of the most common problems in pediatric orthopedics. It is characterized by a three dimensional deformity of the foot and the ankle. Surgical treatment of the deformity was the accepted mode of treatment till recently. Prevalence of short term and long term complication by this method has renewed interest in the Ponseti method of treatment of serial casts and minimal surgery. The purpose of this study is to evaluate early results of treatment of club foot by Ponseti method. A total of 30 patients (44 feet) were treated by a single orthopedic surgeon in rural orthopedic care clinic over a period of two years and followed for a mean period of 31 months. We followed the standard scoring system in evaluating the deformity at the beginning and end of our follow up. Our results are excellent to good in 29 out of thirty patients and continued to be so at a mean follow up of period of 31 months.

We managed 71 cases of skin carcinomas during the period 2008-15. The cases were included from two different Institutes. The commonest carcinoma was basal cell (40 cases) followed by squamous cell (26 cases) 4 cases were malignant melanoma and one was sebaceous carcinoma. All cases were examined clinically and all were subjected to FNAC (Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology) and wedge biopsy. Metastatic workup was done by X-Ray Chest, CT Scan and bone scan wherever indicated. Surgery was the main stay of treatment in our study. Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy were given in appropriate cases. Cases have been followed up for 1 to 7 years, 2 cases of malignant melanoma died due to secondaries. The rest of the cases are under our follow-up.

Background: Fungal keratitis is a common ocular infection following ocular trauma leading to visual impairment. So, our study was to know the etiological and epidemiological profile of fungal keratitis following trauma. Objectives: This study was to evaluate the etiological and epidemiological profile of fungal keratitis following trauma, a common cause of visual impairment. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based prospective observational study in the department of Cornea, Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad over a period from August 2009 to August 2012. 60 Patients with a history of trauma developing fungal keratitis were evaluated. The Fungal keratitis was diagnosed based on the history, clinical examination by slit lamp and microbiological investigations of smear and culture. The details of the type of causative fungal agent and the type of causative traumatic agent with the demographic data of age, sex, occupation and Rural/urban status were collected. The data was analyzed by simple statistical methods. Results: This study data analysis of 60 patients diagnosed as fungal keratitis following trauma, showed the Causative Fungi as Fusarium species in 28 (46.7%), Aspergillus Species in 25 (41.7%), and Candida Species in 7 (11.6%). The type of Causative Traumatic Agents showed the vegetative matter in 41 (68.3%) which includes leaves of Plants in 13(21.7%), Dust in 12(20.0%), wood in 10(16.7), Thorn in 3(5.0%), Husk of paddy grain in 3(5.0%). The other agents were in 10 (16.7%), which includes Sand in 3(5.0%), stones in 3(5.0%), insects in 3(5.0%) and Animal tail in 1(1.7%). The type of traumatic agent was not known in 9(15.0%). 34(56.7%) were males with 26(43.3%) females. Age wise distribution was 7(11.7%) in > 10-20yrs, 7(11.7%) in 21–30 yrs, 12(20.0%) in 31-40 yrs, 18(30.0%) in 41-50 yrs, 10(16.7%) in 51-60 yrs and 6 (10%) in 61-70 yrs. 47(78.3%) were with agriculture and 13(23.3%) with other occupations. 47(78.3%) were from the rural areas with 13(21.7%) from urban Conclusions: The most frequent causes of fungal keratitis following trauma were Fusarium species in 28 (46.7%), Aspergillus Species in 25 (41.7%), and Candida Species in 7 (11.6%). The type of causative traumatic agents was the vegetative matter in 41 (68.3%). The prevalence was significantly higher with rural and agricultural background (78.3%), and increasing with age. All the causes were avoidable.

Background: The fact that DM affects the microcirculation was recognized over a century ago but the concept that there might be a specific angiopathy underlying many of the late complications of diabetes was not known till the survey of Lundback. Objectives: This study was undertaken to find out the effects of type II DM on pulmonary functions and whether these effects have a correlation with the diabetic status of the patients as well as the presence of other microvascular complications. Methods: The present study was cross sectional, observation study. 70 patients were screened as per the protocol of the study. The obtained data was analyzed by chi square test and one way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and independent sample t-test. For all statistical comparisions, P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the study population was 55.39±11.39 years. 40% were found to have more than one microvascular complications. Retinal complication was the most common (18.57%) neural was found in 8.57% and renal was the least common (7.14%). 51.4% had a normal PFT pattern. Of those having an abnormal PFT most (21.4%) were found to have a restrictive pattern. Out of the 36 patients who had normal PFT, 15 (41.67%) had no associated microvascular complication. there is significant association between the duration of diabetes and decline in pulmonary function parameters (p value=0.0299). Conclusion: Patients of Type II diabetes were prone to decline in lung function and restrictive pulmonary pattern. Decline in pulmonary function is more in the presence of other microvascular complications.

Introduction: The anatomic location of lesion in the brain influences the prognosis and treatment options. There is an increase in the incidence of primary lesions in brain in recent decades. The increasing incidence may be due to improved diagnostic methods such as modern radiologic imaging & better access to neurosurgical services. Objectives: The aim of this article is to study the incidence of brain tumors in two consecutive years. Methods: A total of 139 biopsies from brain and central nervous system were studied in patients attending NH Mallareddy Hospital, Suraram, Qutbullapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The incidence of various lesions were studied lesion wise, location wise , age wise and sex wise. Results: In our study the most common lesion was glioma, commonly seen in third and fourth decades and the common location being frontal lobe. Glioblastoma multiforme and other anaplastic variants were seen after 40 years and pilocytic astrocytoma was noted in children and young adults. Conclusion: The incidence of different gliomas were analyzed on the basis of anatomical location and its histological type. The area with densest occurrence was the anterior subcortical region in the frontal lobe. The most frequent subtypes were glioblastoma multiforme (31.8%), astrocytomas grade I , II and III (30.3%) and oligodendroglioma (13.6%). Our results demonstrate considerable heterogeneity in the anatomic distribution of gliomas in the brain.

Otitis media, the infection of the middle ear, could be of acute and chronic type (CSOM) which could lead to extra and intra cranial complications. 71 cases of CSOM with the complications were studied. Intraoperative pus was collected in a sterile syringe and was stained with Gram stain and was cultured aerobically and anaerobically. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen isolated in both complications. Anaerobic culture did not grow any organism. Most of the aerobic organisms were sensitive to cefotaxime.

Due to recent advances in diagnostic studies such as Doppler, Plethysmography there has been considerable gain in the knowledge about anatomy, pathophysiology of chronic leg ulcers. Even though there are various techniques and procedures in the management of chronic leg ulcers since the recent past, but the management of leg ulcers still remains a study. The objective was to study leg ulcers and their surgical management. All Patients visiting the surgical outpatient department with lower limb ulcers were included in this study. These cases were examined in detail and investigated thoroughly. This study included patients with venous ulcers, arterial ulcers, diabetic ulcers, non-healing ulcers and other rare types. In our study of 81 patients with leg ulcers, diabetic ulcers were the most common accounting for 38.27% of the cases, whereas venous ulcers accounted for 24.69% and arterial accounted for 13.58% cases. In our study amputations were mostly done in diabetic patients accounting for 57.89% cases. The risk of lower extremity amputation is 15 to 46 times higher in diabetics than in persons who do not have diabetes mellitus. Early detection and appropriate treatment of these ulcers may prevent up to 85 percent of amputations.

Background: A keloid is an abnormal proliferation of scar tissue that forms at the site of cutaneous injury. The major component of scar tissue is the fibrous protein collagen, which is a glycoprotein. Sialic acid is a charged sugar that plays a key structural role in glycoprotein biosynthesis. Objectives: Estimation of serum hexosamine and sialic acid in subjects with recurrent keloid formation as well as in normal subjects for comparison and to evaluate the role of these complex proteins in keloid formation. Methods: A total number of 30 cases diagnosed as keloid and 30 controls attending to OPD were involved in the present study. The blood and skin biopsy sample were collected for estimation of biochemical parameters hexosamine and sialic acid. Result: Serum levels of hexosamine (101 +/- 19.15) and sialic acid (1.435 +/- 0.34) in keloid subjects are not elevated significantly as compared to normal subjects (Serum Hexosamine 95.73 +/- 23.09) (Sialic acid 1.483 +/- 0.40) but significant (p<0.0001) increase in the tissue levels of sialic acid (0.98+/- 0.108) and hexosamine (1.66 +/- 0.419)are observed in keloid subjects as compared to normal (Sialic acid 0.65+/- 0.059 hexosamine 0.6+/- 0.109). Conclusion: There is a significant increase in the levels of sialic acid and hexosamine in keloid tissue due to excessive deposition of collagen and matrix.

Incisional Hernia is a long term complication of laparotomy. Its exact frequency varies but is around 10 -15 %. The Aim of the study is to assess the risk factors in the development of incisional hernia with one, or in various combinations such as Age, Sex ,Obesity, History of previous wound infection, The type of incision used and The number of previous operations through the same incision are studied. Longitudinal study of 100 patients with incisional hernia admitted to surgical wards of Yashoda Hospital during May 2012 to April 2014. Post operative wound infection at previous surgery & repeated surgeries through the same incision are associated risk factors for development of incisional hernia.

Biliary strictures can also be visualized with sufficient anatomic detail to determine the level of obstruction and in some instances, differentiate benign from malignant causes. MRCP has potentially two major advantages in neoplastic pancreatico biliary obstruction. Firstly, MRCP can directly reveal extraductal tumor whereas ERCP depicts only the duct lumen. Second, MRCP lacks the major complication rate of approximately 3% associated with ERCP such as sepsis, bleeding, bile leak and death. Overall the purpose of this study will be to prospectively assess the accuracy of MR imaging. A cross sectional study was carried out comprising of fifty unselected patients of different age groups in whom there was clinical suspicion of the biliary diseases. This was a prospective study carried out in the Department of Radio diagnosis, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College and Hospital, Pune. Each patient was separately studied by using Ultrasonography and MRCP and compared both studies with other modalities and some cases were followed up & compared with post operative findings. In the present study the cases of Duct calculi predominated and was seen in 16 patients (32%) followed by congenital (choledochal cysts) in 12 (24 %) and Gall bladder masses in 6 (12%). In our study, patients of biliary pathology especially stricture and mass lesions in lower part of CBD were better evaluated by MRCP. In patients with Klatskin tumor, in which hepatic ducts were more involved were better evaluated by MRCP. Strictures were better diagnosed by MRCP. ERCP, histopathological reports and post-operative findings were compared. MRCP was 98% accurate in diagnosis of diseases. False negative result in one patient was due to technical problem. In this patient MRCP diagnosis was mass lesion in 2^nd part of duodenum, but per operation mass was in the head of pancreas.

This study was done to compare the efficacy of postoperative antibiotic therapy in patients undergoing appendicectomy in non-perforated appendicitis. We conducted appendicectomy both laparoscopic and open method in 102 cases of non-perforated appendicitis. Most of our cases [91] were between the age of 18 to 25 years. Youngest was 15 years and oldest was 45 years, with male predominance. The study was conducted during the period 2012 to 2015. We compared the results between the two groups of patients one group received postoperative antibiotic & other group did not. Our results denote that there is no much difference between the two groups as far as wound site infection and hospital stay is concerned.

Background: Connective tissue diseases are defined as a group of auto-immune disorders that have in common, immunological and inflammatory changes in blood vessels and connective tissues. We have undertaken this study to know about the epidemiological and clinical aspects of this disease. Objectives: The present study was conducted to know the occurrence of various types of connective tissue diseases, incidence in relation to gender, the age distribution and the most common symptoms and signs of connective tissue diseases. Methods: The present study was conducted in 40 cases of clinically diagnosed connective tissue diseases in a private hospital in Hyderabad, from April 2014 – April 2015 over a period of 12 months. A detailed history and examination was performed as per proforma. Basic and appropriate special investigations were performed; including complete haemogram, complete urine examination, renal function tests, skin biopsy and antinuclear antibody positivity test by ELISA was done in all patients. Results: In this study, majority of the patients (17 patients – 42.50 percent) examined were within the age group of 31 – 40 years. Majority of the patients belonged to the female gender (33 patients – 82.50 percent). Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (15 patients – 37.50 percent) was the most common disease which was observed in our study. Photosensitivity (5 patients – 2.50 percent) was the most common presentation in SLE (8 patients – 20.00 percent of all cases). The most common type of morphoea (9 patients – 22.50 percent of all cases) was the plaque type (5 patients – 55.55 cases of morphoea). Sclerosis of the skin (6 patients – 100.00 percent) was the most common finding in systemic sclerosis (15.00 percent of all the cases), followed by Reynaud's phenomenon (5 patients – 83.33 percent of cases of systemic sclerosis). Antinuclear Antibodies positivity was seen in 28 patients (70.00 percent of all the cases) of connective tissue diseases, but the positivity was highest in systemic lupus erythematosus (7 patients – 87.50 percent of the cases). Conclusion: Discoid lupus Erythematous being most common presentation. Females of age group 31-40 were most frequently involved.

Malabsorption syndrome refers to a number of disorders in which the intestine's ability to absorb certain nutrients, such as vitamin B12 and folic acid and iron, into the bloodstream is negatively affected. Chronic diarrhea is a feature of malabsorption syndrome. Chronic diarrhea due to Strongyloidiasis is a well known entity especially in immunocompromised individuals. We report a case of intestinal Strongyloidiasis in a case of bronchial asthma.