Background: Perinatal mortality a concern in the developing countries and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is an important cause. Therefore early diagnosis of IUGR babies is the key to prevent complications as well as mortality. Multiple biometric parameters including trans-cerebellar diameter can be used to predict the gestational age. Thus, the present study was designed to measure and compare the trans-cerebellar diameter and evaluates the usefulness of transverse cerebellar diameter as against the conventional parameters and to find out the usefulness of transverse cerebellar diameter in antenatal diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on normal antenatal women of 15-40 weeks gestational age referred for antenatal ultrasonography between January to December 2015. Total 250 patients were examined. Data collected was compared with the conventional parameters. Results: Good correlation was found between transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) and other parameters. Also TCD showed a linear relationship between the cerebellar growth and the gestational age. It was found to be better than BPD in circumstances like excessive molding and dolicocephaly. Also TCD measurement was not fraught with problems as encountered in FL measurement. The mean TCD/AC ratio was 13.866%. So it was found that TCD can be used as a reliable parameter for determination of gestational age in mass studies. Conclusion: There is good correlation between TCD and other parameters in normal pregnancies at 15 to 40 weeks of gestation. This implies that, TCD is a better parameter for gestational age assessment compared to BPD and FL.

Background: Various studies show Pseudomonas species, Acinetobacter species, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus were identified as common VAP pathogens with varying prevalence. Due to increasing incidence of MDR in ICU, early and correct diagnosis of VAP is a challenge for an optimal antibiotic treatment. Objective: To know the Bacteriological Profile of Ventilator associated pneumonias, their prevalence and also their susceptibility pattern Methods: The study was conducted in Intensive Care units in Osmania General Hospital Hyderabad among 300 patients both male and female age group ranging from 15- 60 years admitted in ICU’s. Specimen collection was done by anesthetists, ETA was collected using 8 F suction catheter which was guided through the lumen of Endotracheal tube for approximately 24 cm. Gentle aspiration was then performed without instilling saline and catheter was withdrawn from endotracheal tube. After catheter was withdrawn approximately 2.5 - 5 ml of saline was injected into it with a sterile syringe to flush the exudate into a sterile container. Results: The total no. of patients on mechanical ventilation included in the study during one year period was 300. Out of these 138 patients developed Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP). The most common isolated pathogen was Klebsiella pneumoniae in (40.63%) cases followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.63%), Acinetobacter species (12.50%) and Staphylococcus aureus (9.38%). Klebsiella pneumoniae was the commonest pathogen isolated in both early onset and late onset. Conclusion: The most common isolated pathogen was Klebsiella pneumoniae in (40.63%) cases followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.63%), Acinetobacter species (12.50%) and Staphylococcus aureus (9.38%).

Background: Organophosphorus (OP) compounds constitute a heterogeneous category of chemicals specially designed for the control of Pests, weeds or plant diseases. The importance of pesticides in India can be understood from the fact that agriculture is a major component of the Indian economy. It contributes 22% of the nation’s GDP and is the livelihood of nearly 70% the country’s workforce. Objective: To carry out the analytical study on organophosphorous compound poisoning Methods: This is an analytical study of suicidal deaths due to Organophosphorus poisoning in relation to age, sex and marital status. In these cases, the post-mortem examinations were conducted in the mortuary complex of the Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad. Only the cases, where the Organophosphorus Compounds were detected by Chemical analysis of the visceral organs, by the Andhra Pradesh State Forensic Science Laboratories, Hyderabad were taken for analytical study. Results: The maximum incidence of deaths from Organophosphorus poisoning was seen in the 3^rd decade of life, followed by 4^th and 5^th decades. Both the sexes follow the common trend in age related suicidal deaths. Preponderance of male sex over female sex was observed. In both the sexes, the deaths due to Organophosphorus poisoning are three times more common in married group when compared to unmarried group. Conclusion: The analysis shows that the common motives for suicide by OP poisoning are the health and the financial problems in both the sexes, compared to other problem.

Leigh disease, also known as juvenile sub acute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy, Leigh syndrome, infantile sub acute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy, and sub acute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (SNEM), is a rare inherited neurometabolic disorder that affects the central nervous system. A five months old male child born out of non-consanguineous marriage was in regular follow up with a pediatrician in view of birth history of full term, low birth weight. Records showed steady weight gain with gross motor delay and central hypotonia. 15 days prior to admission, child had rhinorrhea, cough, hoarseness and intermittent stridor which were initially treated with oral medication. Subsequently the child developed fever for which he was admitted and treated with antibiotics. Complete blood count, C reactive protein, blood culture, CSF was normal. X-ray showed hyperinflation. The child then developed features of encephalopathy with myoclonic jerks. In view of history of developmental delay and clinically central hypotonia, with investigations pointing towards non-infective etiology, a possibility of metabolic, structural malformation of brain or mitochondropathy was entertained and accordingly investigated. MRI was suggestive of Leighs Disease and his CSF lactate levels were high. This case is presented to highlight that in case of absence of infection, metabolic encephalopathy or mitochondropathies can be thought as a cause of Encephalopathy