Background: Tumours of eyelids are common in people of both sexes and all age groups representing more than 90% of all ophthalmic tumours. Most of the tumours are diagnosed clinically. The treatment depends on site, extent of spread and the invasiveness of the tumour. Objective: To study the clinical presentations, types and management of eyelid tumours and its histopathological confirmation. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on patients presented with eyelid tumours to the Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital, Hyderabad during December 2007 to November 2009. Tumours were diagnosed clinically. Treatment was planned according to the nature of lesion. Data were presented as frequencies, mean ± Standard Deviation (SD). Unpaired t test was used to test the significance of difference of the type of the tumour with age, eye and eyelid involvement. Results: A total of 100 cases, 52 were females, 48 cases involved right eye, 61 cases were benign and 39 malignant. The mean age of the participant in benign tumour was 37.02 ± 16.847 years and of malignant tumour was 58.59 ± 11.271 years and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference observed in the context of type of tumour, eye and eyelid involvement (p>0.05). Commonest benign tumour was intradermal nevus with 17 cases, whereas Basal cell carcinoma and Sebaceous gland carcinoma presented equally in 16 cases each. Conclusion: A significant proportion of tumours were malignant, predominantly Sebaceous gland carcinoma and Basal cell carcinoma. Majority of malignant tumors were observed above 60 years of age.

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Background: Allergic rhinitis (A.R) is one of the most common chronic conditions affecting patients attending ENT OPD. It has significant impact on the quality of life and productivity of people affected by it. There is no single test which is gold standard for its diagnosis. Objective: To compare the value of Nasal Smear Eosinophilia (NSE) with Absolute Eosinophilic Count (AEC) of peripheral blood as diagnostic test and establish a diagnostic tool for A.R. Methods: 50 patients were taken up for 1 year prospective study and NSE Count and AEC were done. There were 36 patients in study group and 14 patients acted as controls. Allergic rhinitis was diagnosed as per standard criteria and sensitivity and specificity of NSE and AEC as diagnostic tests were calculated. Results: The sensitivity of NSE and AEC were found to be 55.56% and 50% respectively. The specificity was calculated as 71.45% and 64.29%. So both the tests have moderate sensitivity and high specificity. Conclusion: Nasal Smear Eosinophilic Count can be considered as simple, economical and semi invasive diagnostic test for A.R in the peripheral setup.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is now one of the most common non-communicable diseases globally. It is the fourth or fifth leading cause of death in most high-income countries and there is substantial evidence that it is epidemic in many economically developing and newly industrialized nations. The mortality due to diabetes is mostly due to its complication and the most effective way to prevent complications is to impart knowledge to patient so that they can practice for prevention of complication of diabetes. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of diabetic patients for diabetes and its complications. Methods: Data was collected using a pre-tested, validated questionnaire from a total of 170 patients attending diabetes clinic in Ram Monohar Lohia Hospital New Delhi. Results: Out of 170 patients, 91 (53.5 %) were female and 79(46.5 %) were male patients. In the study population 146 (85.9%) participants had the basic knowledge regarding what type of disorder diabetes is, and about 149 (87.6 %) participants in study population said that the know what to eat. The maximum knowledge was seen about eye problems 48.82 % and kidney problems 40%. Conclusion: There is still need for increase in IEC and BCC activity in term of campaigns on diabetic complication, awareness regarding foot care, regular exercise, and regular routine checkups.

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Background: Worldwide the burden of Diabetes mellitus (DM) is ever increasing and 46% of the diabetics are undiagnosed. Projections for India reveal that the diabetic population will increase from 65.1 million to 79.4 million diabetics by 2030. With increasing burden, there is a need to use community-based, simple screening tools to identify the undiagnosed. This study uses the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) for identification of diabetic risk and diabetic status in a rural population. Methods: This community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 subjects between May and July 2013 in a rural population of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. IDRS was used to assess the risk status followed by fasting and 2-hour post-prandial blood glucose measurements to identify the diabetic status. Results: According to IDRS classification, 59% of the participants were classified under high risk category, 30% had moderate risk and 11 % had low risk. Seven participants (7%) were newly diagnosed with diabetes and 19 participants had impaired glucose tolerance. At a score of > 60, IDRS predicted risk of DM with a sensitivity of 85.7% and specificity of 43%. Conclusion: IDRS is an easy-to-use, economic tool for community-based screening for DM in previously undiagnosed populations.

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Background: Health care quality is a global issue. Consumer satisfaction is recognized as an important parameter for assessing the quality of patient care services, satisfaction regarding the attitude of providers towards the services is expected to affect treatment outcome and prognosis. Objective: To assess patient satisfaction with services provided in a tertiary care hospital in rural Jalna. Method: This cross sectional study was carried out in the outpatient department of, Noor hospital of Indian Institute of medical science and research Warudi Badnapur, District Jalna. A total of 250 patients were selected by systematic random sampling from 1 st march to 31 th August 2014 and interviewed. The data collected was analysed by applying appropriate statistical test. Results: The overall satisfaction rate in this study was 87.45%.Total 88.4% of patients are satisfied with the availability of essential medicine and 88% patients get medicine easily. Satisfaction with laboratory location was 93.6% and 90% of respondents agreed with investigation reports received in time. Regarding cleanliness of hospital 94.8% of respondents are satisfied. Total 85.6% of respondents were satisfied with the condition of the toilets. Satisfaction rate for availability of drinking water was 83.6%. About paramedical staff 95.6% of patients agree that paramedical staff talk politely with them and 94% of patients told they are helpful. Conclusion: Patient’s feedback is important as continuous quality improvement is linked to the use of timely and useful feedback from the clients.

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Dermatoglyphics is the study of patterns and configurations on volar aspects of hands and feet. This helps in identifying patients suffering from medical diseases and to screen relatives of patients with chromosomal disorders. The objective of present study was to use Dermatoglyphs as a diagnostic tool to identify children suffering from Atrial septal defect (ASD) by comparing dermatoglyphs of 100 children with congenital heart disease aged between 3-12 years with that of dermatoglyphs of 100 normal children (controls – CON) of same age group. Among the parameters analyzed in the present study, ulnar loops showed increased percentage incidence (65% in ASD and 56% in CON) and whorls showed decreased percentage incidence (25% in ASD and 34% in CON) are statistically significant. Incidence of Hypothenar patterns showed statistically higher values in children with ASD (25% right hand & 14% left hand) incidence in control group is less (9% right hand & 8% left hand). Incidence of statistically significant wider atd angles is higher in children with ASD (50% in right, 61%in left) and less in control group (16% in right, 15%in left). Hence, Dermatoglyphs may be used as a diagnostic tool to identify atrial septal defect in children with a family history of congenital heart diseases.

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Background: Ptosis is a common public health problem worldwide. It is the lowering of eye lid or prolapse of an organ. In all major ocular surgeries the involvement of eye lid is seen. Etiology of ptosis is multifactorial. Objective: The main objectives of the study were degree of ptosis, refraction through clinical examination and measuring with refractionometer. Methods: The study was conducted in SD Eye Hospital, Hyderabad. 60 eyes of 55 patients with congenital ptosis were studied. Complex ptosis cases were excluded from study. Results: 37 patients were in the age group of 0-19 years & 18 in 20-39 years age group were in the study group. 31 patients of them were males. In five cases both eyes were involved. 10 cases of the studied were with severe ptosis. In 18 cases astigmatism was observed. Conclusion: In the present study congenital ptosis observed more in males in first two decades of life, unilaterally with more than 80% astigmatism. Ambylopia was associated more with severe ptosis.

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Background: Health problems of the old people are a very important component of any healthcare delivery system. Age related changes in immune system and degenerative phenomenon render people susceptible to a variety of infections, neoplasia and other disabilities. Objectives: To study the morbidity pattern among elderly people of Venkatachalem village, Nellore. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Venkatachalem village. 290 people of age 60 yrs and above were included in the study. Morbidity was assessed by history taking, clinical examination, reviewing past medical records and medicines taken by the study subject. Result: The average number of morbidity per person was 3.5. The common morbidities were joint complaints (65.9%), anemia (56.6%), cataract (48.3%), and hypertension (34.1%) and generalized pain (13.4%). 9.3% of the elderly were found to be depressed. Conclusion: We can conclude from the study that there is a growing need for interventions to ensure the health of this vulnerable group and to create a policy to meet the needs of the disabled. Also the common morbidities among the elderly should be considered before planning for any intervention.

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Breast feeding is one of the most important determinants of child survival, birth spacing and prevention of childhood infections. Breast milk is an excellent food and meets all nutritional requirements of the baby for the first six months. The objective was to determine the breast feeding practices in Urban and Rural areas of Warangal. A cross-sectional study was conducted wherein the mothers of infants in the age group of 0-12 months attending the immunization session at rural and urban health centre were interviewed using a pre-designed pretested and pre coded proforma. Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months in infants above 6 months of age is better in rural area (60.6%) than in urban area (47.6%). Association between exclusive breast feeding and literacy status of mothers was found to be significant in both urban (p=0.02) and rural areas (p = 0.000). Pre lacteal feeding is observed more in the urban area (51.7%) than in the rural area (48.6%). Information, Education and Communication activities are required to avoid pre lacteal feeding, to improve early initiation of breast feeding and to improve exclusive breast feeding for 6 months.

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Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare histiocytic tumour in adult. We report a case of LCH involving skull bones in a 35year old lady who presented with fever, headache and diabetes insipidus since two years. Radiological examination revealed osteolytic lesions in the parietal and occipital bones along with a solid, enhancing lesion in the pituitary infundibulum. Osteolytic lesions showed ttypical histomorphology of LCH on light microscopy and on IHC it was positive for SI 00 but negative for CD1 a. LCH with CD1 a negativity is very rare and hence we are presenting this case.

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Background: Non communicable diseases account for 63% of the deaths worldwide and 53% of the deaths in India. Occupation in itself is a risk factor for these diseases in addition to being a modifier of the lifestyle, diet practices and physical activity practices. Objectives: To evaluate socio-demographic factors, self reported prevalence of non communicable disease among corporate professional employees and to assess lifestyle practices and occupational risk factors risk factors modifying the risk of non communicable diseases Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among corporate professional employees across 20 states in India. Responses were obtained after informed consent through a self administered web based questionnaire with answers entered in a backend database. A semi structured questionnaire was administered with the following parts 1) Socio-demographic information 2) Self reported prevalence of non communicable diseases 3) Lifestyle and diet practices 4) Work related factors. Results: A total of 1582 employees consented and participated in the study. The workforce consisted of 1378 (87.1%) males and 204 (12.9%) females. The mean age was 32.88 ± 7.78 years. The commonest non communicable disease was diabetes with 350 (22.2%) reporting it followed by hypertension with 334 (21.1%) reporting it. Practices relating to exercise were moderately satisfactory, snacking was quite prevalent. Among the workers, 23.1% felt pressured, 19.8% faced difficulties in staying calm and 19% felt overburdened due to work. Conclusions: The study evidenced that corporate employees are exposed to behavioral, life style and dietary risk factors for non communicable diseases at a young age group and that emergent measures are required for rational and cost effective prevention of non communicable diseases to reduce the burden of disease and work days lost among this productive population.

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Background: Corneal opacities are the common causes of corneal blindness. So, this study is to know the etiology of the corneal opacities. Objective: This study was to evaluate the etiology of corneal opacities, a common cause of corneal blindness. Methods: This was a hospital based observational study of 100 Patients of corneal opacities, who attended the outpatient department of Cornea, Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabadover a period of 2yrs from August 2012 to August 2014. The patients were evaluated with a detailed history and comprehensive ophthalmic examination by slit lamp, Goldman applanation / Non Contact Tonometer, Indirect Ophthalmoscopy and Β scan mainly to know the etiology of the corneal opacities. The details of age and sex, laterality, literacy, socioeconomic status, occupation and complications were collected. The data was evaluated by simple statistical methods. Results: This study data analysis of 100 patients of corneal opacities showed that the causes were Trauma in 37 patients (37%), Infections in 33 patients (33%), congenital and developmental in 15 patients (15%) and degenerations and dystrophies in 15 patients (15%). The Age wise distribution was 27 patients (27%) in 0-20yrs, 39 patients (39%) in 20-40yrs, 29 patients (29%) in 40-60yrs and 5 patients (5%) above 60yrs. Laterality showed involvement of right eye in 43 patients (43%), both eyes in 35 patients (35%) and left eye in 22 patients (22%). 67 patients (67%) were males and 33 patients (33%) were females. 67 patients (67%) were from the Rural areas and 33 patients were from urban. 53 patients were Illiterate and 47 patients (47%) were literate. 53 patients (53%) were in Agricultural occupation, and 19 patients (19%) had complications like adherent leucoma. Complicated cataract. Secondary Glaucoma and Bullous keratopathy. Conclusions: The most frequent causes of corneal opacities were, trauma (37%) and infections (33%). Nearly 70% of all the causes of corneal opacities were avoidable. The prevalence of corneal opacities was significantly higher with illiteracy, rural agricultural background, decreasing socioeconomic status and with increasing age.

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Background: Preeclampsia is a common medical complication during pregnancy, which affects approximately 8-10% in India and 6-8% of all pregnancies worldwide, most commonly after the 32nd week. It is associated with complications like premature birth, low birth weight and postpartum hemorrhage. Objectives: To estimate Lipid and Thyroid profile in Preeclampsia, Healthy pregnancy and Non pregnant women to assess the risk of lipid abnormalities and thyroid dysfunction in preeclampsia. To determine correlation of lipid and thyroid profile in preeclampsia patients and healthy pregnant women. Methods: This study comprised of three age matched groups consisting of 30 healthy non-pregnant women, 30 healthy pregnant women and 30 preeclampsia patients attending antenatal OPD and all pregnant women were at >28 weeks of gestation. Blood samples were collected 8-10 hours after fasting and the thyroid and lipid profiles were analyzed for comparison and correlation among them. Results: It was observed that T3, T4, TSH, total cholesterol, triglyceride and VLDL increased significantly in preeclampsia patients when compared to both healthy pregnant and non pregnant women. Whereas T3, T4, total cholesterol, triglyceride and VLDL were increased significantly in healthy pregnant women when compared to healthy non pregnant women. Significant positive correlation was seen between TSH and Triglycerides (p < 0.05) also seen between T3 and total cholesterol (p < 0.05), T3 and LDL (ρ < 0.05) in preeclampsia patients. Conclusion: Correlation of Lipid and Thyroid profile. Screening for dyslipidemia and thyroid dysfunction in Preeclampsia is essential to prevent medical complications during Pregnancy.

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Background: Incorrect placement, or subsequent displacement, of feeding tubes into the lower oesophagus or into the lung can lead to aspiration, respiratory compromise, and increased energy expenditure. These effects are potentially detrimental to growth and development. Enteral feeding tubes passed via the nose may be easier to secure to the face than orally placed tubes. In children, orally placed enteral tubes are more frequently malpositioned compared to nasally placed tubes.⁶ Furthermore, orally placed tubes may be easier to displace as they can loop inside the mouth. Objective: To determine the effect of nasal compared with oral placement of enteral feeding tubes on feeding, growth and the incidence of adverse consequences in preterm or low birth weight infants. Methods: Preterm neonates admitted to NICU during the study period were stabilized initially (temperature, perfusion, respiratory status, blood sugars) and feeds were started. Infants were randomised to receive either nasogastric or orogastric feeding. Feeds were given over 10 - 20 minutes by gravity drainage every two or three hours. Results: Nasogastric tube feeding appears to be superior to orogastric tube feeding with less frequency of tube displacement. There is no difference among 2 groups in time to regain birth weight, time to full feeds, and frequency of adverse events. Nasogastric tube feeding group had lesser duration of hospital stay compared to the orogastric tube group, and orogastric tube feeding group reached to oral feeds quickly compared to nasogastric tube feeding group, however, this was not statistically significant. Further good quality randomised controlled trials with a larger population would probably be required to know the significance of this outcome. Conclusion: This study provides sufficient evidence to practice nasogastric tube feeding over orogastric tube feeding in preterm or low birth weight infants.

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Biliary strictures can also be visualized with sufficient anatomic detail to determine the level of obstruction and in some instances, differentiate benign from malignant causes. MRCP has potentially two major advantages in neoplastic pancreatico biliary obstruction. Firstly, MRCP can directly reveal extraductal tumor whereas ERCP depicts only the duct lumen. Second, MRCP lacks the major complication rate of approximately 3% associated with ERCP such as sepsis, bleeding, bile leak and death. Overall the purpose of this study will be to prospectively assess the accuracy of MR imaging. A cross sectional study was carried out comprising of fifty unselected patients of different age groups in whom there was clinical suspicion of the biliary diseases. This was a prospective study carried out in the Department of Radio diagnosis, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College and Hospital, Pune. Each patient was separately studied by using Ultrasonography and MRCP and compared both studies with other modalities and some cases were followed up & compared with post operative findings. In the present study the cases of Duct calculi predominated and was seen in 16 patients (32%) followed by congenital (choledochal cysts) in 12 (24 %) and Gall bladder masses in 6 (12%). In our study, patients of biliary pathology especially stricture and mass lesions in lower part of CBD were better evaluated by MRCP. In patients with Klatskin tumor, in which hepatic ducts were more involved were better evaluated by MRCP. Strictures were better diagnosed by MRCP. ERCP, histopathological reports and post-operative findings were compared. MRCP was 98% accurate in diagnosis of diseases. False negative result in one patient was due to technical problem. In this patient MRCP diagnosis was mass lesion in 2^nd part of duodenum, but per operation mass was in the head of pancreas.

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Due to recent advances in diagnostic studies such as Doppler, Plethysmography there has been considerable gain in the knowledge about anatomy, pathophysiology of chronic leg ulcers. Even though there are various techniques and procedures in the management of chronic leg ulcers since the recent past, but the management of leg ulcers still remains a study. The objective was to study leg ulcers and their surgical management. All Patients visiting the surgical outpatient department with lower limb ulcers were included in this study. These cases were examined in detail and investigated thoroughly. This study included patients with venous ulcers, arterial ulcers, diabetic ulcers, non-healing ulcers and other rare types. In our study of 81 patients with leg ulcers, diabetic ulcers were the most common accounting for 38.27% of the cases, whereas venous ulcers accounted for 24.69% and arterial accounted for 13.58% cases. In our study amputations were mostly done in diabetic patients accounting for 57.89% cases. The risk of lower extremity amputation is 15 to 46 times higher in diabetics than in persons who do not have diabetes mellitus. Early detection and appropriate treatment of these ulcers may prevent up to 85 percent of amputations.

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Otitis media, the infection of the middle ear, could be of acute and chronic type (CSOM) which could lead to extra and intra cranial complications. 71 cases of CSOM with the complications were studied. Intraoperative pus was collected in a sterile syringe and was stained with Gram stain and was cultured aerobically and anaerobically. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen isolated in both complications. Anaerobic culture did not grow any organism. Most of the aerobic organisms were sensitive to cefotaxime.

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Background: The fact that DM affects the microcirculation was recognized over a century ago but the concept that there might be a specific angiopathy underlying many of the late complications of diabetes was not known till the survey of Lundback. Objectives: This study was undertaken to find out the effects of type II DM on pulmonary functions and whether these effects have a correlation with the diabetic status of the patients as well as the presence of other microvascular complications. Methods: The present study was cross sectional, observation study. 70 patients were screened as per the protocol of the study. The obtained data was analyzed by chi square test and one way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and independent sample t-test. For all statistical comparisions, P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the study population was 55.39±11.39 years. 40% were found to have more than one microvascular complications. Retinal complication was the most common (18.57%) neural was found in 8.57% and renal was the least common (7.14%). 51.4% had a normal PFT pattern. Of those having an abnormal PFT most (21.4%) were found to have a restrictive pattern. Out of the 36 patients who had normal PFT, 15 (41.67%) had no associated microvascular complication. there is significant association between the duration of diabetes and decline in pulmonary function parameters (p value=0.0299). Conclusion: Patients of Type II diabetes were prone to decline in lung function and restrictive pulmonary pattern. Decline in pulmonary function is more in the presence of other microvascular complications.

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Background: Urolithiasis is a well known cause of morbidity in Indian population. Objective: To know the Non-dietary factors causing Urolithiasis among the patients in Karimnagar district and to compare the extent of awareness, attitude and practices by the patients about non- dietary and dietary factors. Methods: Two resident doctors interviewed 1400 patients (720 urban, 680 rural) attending urban and rural hospitals in Karimnagar district using predesigned questionnaire regarding the non-dietary factors causing urolithiasis. Results: Overall prevalence of Urolithiasis was 7.7% seen among 109 patients. Patients with kidney stones were 92 (84.4%), with ureteric stones 14 (12.8%) while patients having both were 3 (2.8%). Significant Non- dietary factors include Age predilection for the age group of 15-45 years 74 patients (68%), Male sex predilection (p value < 0.00790961) , Family history 47 (43%), illiteracy(p value = 0.0001) , the presence of Urinary tract infections 51(47%), Less daily water intake 18(16.5%), obesity 13(12%), and Catheterization 9(8%) and Excess use of antacids 10(9%). Awareness and preventive care practices were less with non- dietary factors when compared with those of dietary factors. Conclusion: Some non- dietary factors were significantly associated with urolithiasis. But the patients were not aware of the significance of their role as they do with dietary factors. Hence poor attention was paid by the patients to the non dietary factors.

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Background: Tobacco and Alcohol are the most important substances which influenced the health status of the population worldwide. Globally over 450 million tobacco related deaths may occur. Objective: To study the substance abuse among workers at a construction site in relation to the socio demographic profile. Methods: study design – community based cross sectional study done at construction sites in suburban Hyderabad. Convenient sample of work sites and systematic sampling of individuals was taken. The sample size was 353 adults with 295 men (83.53%) and 58 women (16.4%) aged above 18years. The socio demographic profile, tobacco and alcohol use, known morbidity were recorded, Height, weight, chest expansion and blood pressure were measured. The results were analysed on MSExcel and SPSS systems. Chi square test and t test were used for analysis. Results: 53.1% were using either tobacco or alcohol. 25.3% were consuming alcohol and 38.6 % were using tobacco, 20.2% were smoking and 25% were chewing tobacco. 52% of men and 20.6% of women abuse substance. There was significance in substance use in relation to gender, family size and morbidity. The socio economic class, education and occupation did not show a marked difference in substance use. There was no significant difference in means of BMI (21.3), blood pressure- Systolic (118.8mmHg), diastolic Blood Pressures (78.5mmHg), but a significant difference was there in chest expansion (83.4 & 81.3) and morbidity states. Conclusion: Our study showed 25.3% using alcohol and 38.6% using tobacco. Nearly one third of the workers are abusing substance. Tobacco use especially chewing is very high in the study population.

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Background: Postpartum hemorrhage is the most common and dreaded complication of third stage of labor. Third stage of labour is always a time of anxiety as the normal case can within a minute become abnormal and successful delivery can swiftly turn into a maternal mortality. India has a maternal mortality rate of 4/1000 live births, whereas it is 0.1 – 0.4 / 1000 live birth in developed countries. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of simple technique of placental drainage in control of third stage blood loss Methods: A hospital based randomized controlled trial was conducted among 500 women during third stage of labour. They were divided into study and control groups. The study group was one in whom, cord clamping was not done the natural drainage of placenta was allowed, whereas, in the control group, cord clamping was performed. The outcome was assessed by measuring the mean duration of third stage of labour and the complications. Results: Women characteristics were similar for both the study group and the control group both for primigravida and multigravida. The obstetric characteristics like epidural anesthesia, and duration of first and second stage of labour was similar in both the study and control group. But the duration of third stage labour was prolonged in control group where cord was clamped compared to study group for primigravida and multigravida both. The numbers of cases with complications are more in the control group than study group. Conclusion: The mean duration of third stage labour was significantly lesser in placental drainage group compared to cord clamp group. Also the complications were less in the placental drainage group. Thus it can be concluded that the placental drainage is more effective than the cord clamp method.

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Background: There are about 1.2 billion adolescents, a fifth of the world's population and their numbers are increasing. Hence it is essential to assess their nutritional status. Objectives: To study the nutritional status of rural adolescents, to determine the type of malnutrition among them. Methods: The study was conducted among 100 adolescents (12-18 years) of both the sexes in the rural primary health centre Guttigar, Sullia Taluk of Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka between April - June 2014. Results: Study found that 64% had chronic energy deficiency, 19% - underweight, 16% - normal and only 1% was overweight. it was observed that there was a significant association between BMI and sex; BMI and Age. Conclusion: Findings of the present study indicate that under nutrition is the major problem of adolescents than overweight or obesity. Therefore the study suggests a need to adapt a strong nutritional intervention programme.

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100 patients of senile cataract presenting to Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital, Hyderabad were included in the study. A Prospective, comparative study was carried out in which 50 patients were operated under Subtenon’s anesthesia (group 1 ) and 50 patients under Peribulbar anaesthesia (group 2). The efficacy, akinesia, lid movements and complications like Chemosis and subconjuctival hemorrhage were compared between the two groups. The percentage of patients with grade 0 pain in subtenon’s anesthesia group was 70% as compared to 30% in peribulbar group. Grade-4 pain in subtenon’s group was 0% compared to 4% in peribulbar group. Grade 0 akinesia was 0% in subtenon’s group compared to 62% in peribulbar group. Grade 0 lid movements are experienced by 70% in subtenon’s group and 88% in peribulbar group. Grade 0 Chemosis was 61 % in subtenon’s group and 64 % in peribulbar group. 44% of subtenon’s and 64% of peribulbar group had grade 0 subconjuctival hemorrhage. Intraoperative pain was dramatically lower in subtenon’s group of patients with very few patients experiencing unacceptable level of pain. Peribulbar anesthesia had an upper hand in terms intra-operative akinesia when compared to subtenon’s anesthesia. Intra-operative lid movements were slightly more in subtenon’s group. Incidence of Chemosis and subconjuctival hemorrhage was comparable in both the groups.

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Vasectomy is one of the safest and most effective family planning methods and is one of the few contraceptive options available for men. Vasectomy is one of the least used contraceptive methods in the developing world including India. Objective was to determine knowledge, attitude and practice regarding vasectomy as a family planning method among married men in a rural. A Community based cross-sectional study was carried out among married men in rural field practice area of Department of Community Medicine, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad. 400 married men below 60 years of age were interviewed using a pre-designed pre-tested Schedule. Statistical analysis: Data were entered using MS-Excel 2007 & analyzed using EPI INFO version 7. Awareness regarding vasectomy was present in majority (78%) of the respondents but acceptance of vasectomy was only 3.2%. Most common reason for not accepting vasectomy were fear of surgical procedure (37%) followed by fear of weakness (29%), fear of impact on sexual performance (26%) and lack of information (24%). There is an imperative need to launch a client cantered IEC campaign with emphasis on family couple and individual counselling on all aspects of Vasectomy.

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