The process of medical education delivery and training of medical students with regard to making them competent in discharging a wide range of activities are a challenging task. The purpose of the current review was to explore the introduction of scenario-based teaching in the delivery of medical education in the undergraduation period. An extensive search of all materials related to the topic was carried out in the PubMed search engine, and a total of 8 articles were selected based upon the suitability with the current review objectives. The keywords used in the search include scenario-based teaching, coronavirus disease-2019, case scenario, and medical education in the title alone only. Scenario-based teaching has emerged as a useful and effective teaching-learning approach in the field of medical education for imparting the desired complex skills to the undergraduate medical students. These scenarios can be created either using a simulation with an aim to expose the medical students to a complex and an authentic scenario, which they are expected to encounter in the daily clinical practice. In the process of resolving the given scenarios, the students develop critical thinking, clinical reasoning, teamwork, leadership, and communication skills, which help them to be better in their roles. In conclusion, the scenario-based teaching is an effective approach to prepare the fresh crop of undergraduate medical students to the rapidly advancing needs of the branch of medicine. The best approach will be to incorporate scenario-based teaching along with other instructional strategies across different professional years and supplement the same with timely constructive feedback.

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Background: Dengue affects the overall biochemical parameters and these characteristics can be utilized to monitor the progress of the patients. Hence, more and more studies are required to throw light on how these parameters differ in three different forms of dengue, i.e., dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Hence, the present study was carried out. Objective: The objective of the study was to study the clinical profile of patients with dengue and to study the biochemical parameters in these three forms of the dengue. Methods: Hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out among forty cases of dengue. In all these cases, various biochemical tests were carried out and correlated with three forms of dengue. These parameters were compared in three groups of patients, i.e. DF, DHF, and DSS. Results: Majority (70%) were having classical DF. The most common clinical feature in all three types of dengue was fever. Creatinine, blood urea, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin mean values were significantly higher in DSS cases compared to DF cases (P < 0.05). Alkaline phosphate was significantly increased, and total proteins were significantly reduced in DSS cases (P < 0.05). Packed cell volume, total white blood cell, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were significantly more in DHF cases compared to other two groups. The mean platelet values were significantly reduced in DSS group compared to other two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: DF is the most common presentation of dengue. DSS and DHF affect the biochemical parameters significantly and can be used to monitor the progress during the management of cases.

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Background: There is provision of 1 month of foundation course at the beginning of MBBS course under competency-based medical education (CBME). Objective: The objective was to study feedback by undergraduate medical students for the foundation course under CBME. It is important to know whether the students are satisfied with the content, quality, and the way in which the foundation course is conducted. This helps in providing clues to improve the quality. As this is a new initiative, adequate data on this subject matter is yet to come. Materials and Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among the undergraduate batch of MBBS students admitted in 2019 at one medical college. Students who attended all sessions on all days of foundation course were included in the study. Students who have not attended all sessions (or missed even 1 session) of foundation course were excluded from the study. Out of 250 students, 134 (53.6%) had attended all the sessions on all days. The data were collected in the predesigned, pretested, and semi-structured study questionnaire. For each module, quality, content, and usefulness were scored by the students using a five-point Likert scale. Results: In the present study, we observed that with regard to the content, quality, and usefulness of all the modules, more than 90% of students were happy and satisfied over the way in which this foundation course was conducted at this medical college Conclusion: The students opined that foundation course was satisfactory. Challenges faced in conducting this program were to make all the students attend all the sessions on all days.

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Background: Anemia is one of the most common health problems prevalent in Third World countries and developed countries. Anemia among children is of the most important public health problems as it is associated with overall growth and performance of children in academics. Objective: The objective of this study was to study the prevalence of different types of anemia and their hematological and laboratory parameters in pediatric population <5 years. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 100 inpatient children with different causes of anemia from age 1 to 60 months in children's ward of a tertiary care center. A thorough history and detailed clinical examination along with hematological investigations were carried out as per standard guidelines. Results: In the present study, 793 children of 1 month to 5 years were screened for anemia, and out of them, 100 children (12.6%) were found to have anemia. The inpatient prevalence of anemia in <5-year age group was 12.6%. Of them, 53% were male and 47% were female. Anemia due to iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) was 72 (72%), beta-thalassemia major was 1 (1%), beta-thalassemia minor was 5 (5%), sickle cell anemia was 6 (6%), sickle cell trait was 7 (7%), sickle cell thalassemia was 6 (6%), anemia of chronic disease was 1 (1%), megaloblastic anemia was 1 (1%), and anemia with Plasmodium falciparum malaria was 1 (1%). Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia was high among this inpatient population of children. IDA was most common, and slight preponderance for males was seen.

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Objectives: Infra-umbilical surgeries are associated with moderate-to-severe pain postoperatively. Intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate during epidural anesthesia was given which prolonged the duration of analgesia and decreased doses of analgesics. As hardly any study has been done on the Indian population, this study evaluated the effectiveness of magnesium sulfate infusion on quality of epidural anesthesia, postoperative analgesic requirements, and incidence of nausea and vomiting in the patients undergoing any infra-umbilical surgery. Methodology: A prospective randomized controlled double-blind study was carried out at a tertiary level hospital in India in seventy patients scheduled for infra-umbilical surgeries belonging to the American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II. Patients were randomized into two groups of 35 each. Group MG patients received MgSO₄ 50 mg/kg in 100 ml NS in 10 min, followed by an infusion of MgSO₄ 10 mg/kg/h in 100 ml NS over 1 h. Group NS received 100 ml NS in 10 min, followed by an infusion of 100 ml NS over 1 h. Results: The onset time of sensory and motor block was similar in both the groups, but the duration of sensory and motor block and duration of analgesia was more in MG group compared to NS group. The mean sensory onset time in MG group was 9.09 ± 2.23 min and 9.34 ± 2.29 min in NS group, which was statistically insignificant (P = 0.642). The mean motor onset time in MG group was 13.35 ± 2.62 min and13.54 ± 2.60 min in NS group, which again was statistically insignificant (P = 0.763). The duration of sensory block for MG group was 424.12 ± 53.43 min and 226.57 ± 27.22 min for NS group. This was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001). The duration of motor block for MG group was 361.62 ± 43.04 min and 208.29 ± 27.38 min for NS group. This was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001). The duration of analgesia for MG group was 436.18 ± 53.88 min and 234.00 ± 30.31 min for NS group. This too was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001). There were no significant differences between the study groups with respect to changes in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, and saturation perioperatively. There was no incidence of nausea and vomiting in both the groups. Conclusion: Magnesium sulfate infusion improves the quality of epidural anesthesia, postoperative analgesia requirements, and nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing infra-umbilical surgery.

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Endometriosis is a common disorder in women of reproductive age. Scar endometriosis is an infrequent type of extrapelvic endometriosis associated with obstetrical and gynecological surgeries but is rarely observed in abdominal scar after cesarean section. We are reporting here a case of scar endometriosis in a 30-year-old woman involving subcutaneous and muscular planes following cesarean section. Preoperative diagnosis of cesarean scar endometriosis was made by clinical examination, radiological imaging, fine-needle aspiration cytology, and confirmed histologically after surgical excision.

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Xanthogranulomatous appendicitis (XA) is a rare type of presentation of acute appendicitis. Only few cases of XA have been reported in the literature so far. Occurrence of xanthogranulomatous inflammation is rare in the appendix even though it is more common in the gallbladder and kidney. We report a case of 35-year-old male who presented with typical signs of acute appendicitis and needed an immediate laparotomy. Histopathological examination revealed the diagnosis of XA. Although the condition is rare, because of curability unlike the malignancy which requires extensive surgery, it should be considered in differential diagnosis while encountered with appendicular mass lesions.

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